Napolean Bonaparte Considered to be the Savior of the...

An important period in the history of France, was the French Revolution, covering the years of 1789 to 1799 (French Revolution cite). During this period of time, Napolean Bonaprate was considered to be the savior of the French Revolution and of France itself; Napolean ended the revolution while putting it in the hands of a government that brought stability and equality throughout the country (Napolean Bonaparte cite). The main cause of the French Revolution was because of the constant failure of the governments and their ability to manage the country. However, when Napolean became a leader he made sure that Frances current conditions would change. This individual had a tremendous impact on the region, which many believe saved Frances conception and government. The inveterate legacy from this individual is the Napoleonic Code (NBS). Napolean based this code mainly on the idea of equality, that way the region wasnt divided among the rich and poor or wealth status; inequality played a m ajor role in the French Revolution since people were treated based on their affluence. The Napoleonic Code divided Civil Law into three categories, thus being: Personal Status, Property, Acquisition of Property (NBS). Even though there were conflicts among this code, it ensured that everyone would have a chance to gain personal wealth and status, instead of pursuing off of family sovereignty. This code, interestingly, is still in use to this day in former French colonies such as Quebec and

System Engineering for Managers Smart City

Question: Discuss about the smart city and find the complexity in the system using the system dynamics methodology. Answer: Introduction The idea of smart city has turned into the focal thought to which urban communities are currently swinging to confront their difficulties and seek after the requests put on them. This is outlined by a European Commission study to survey how a wide assortment of shrewd city activities add to the skyline 2020 objectives and assets being made accessible for such activities (Boateng, Chen and Ogunlana, 2016). In any case, numerous meanings of a savvy city exist and the utilization of "smart" is utilized as a part of a self-salutary style. Smart Cities In both connected and experimental production the idea 'smart city' is utilized as a part of an assortment of courses: as a capacity that urban areas have, as a holder to mean different activities and developments, and as a name utilized by urban communities themselves (de Vries and Han 2015). Particularly this last utilization of the savvy urban communitys idea has gotten significant feedback (Caponio et al. 2015). Being "smart" is by definition seen as a positive property. Lastly it is hard to separate build-up and showcasing on one side and helpful developments and a basic viewpoint on the eventual fate of urban areas on the other. Now in the examination we have increased some knowledge in what sorts of smart city activities exist and why they may be utilized. A detailed analysis is done on the smart city to gauge the brilliance of the city advancement and accumulation of information about the infrastructure. In light of writing a wide system of six qualities framed and that measure the capacity of a city to be shrewd, (Das 2013) such as: Smart people Smart living Smart Environment Smart Economy Smart Mobility Smart Governance The study puts underline on various parts of activities including a "comprehensive" methodology. The smart mobility is chosen from the six components of the smart city and discussed in details. Smart Mobility Smart Mobility depicts the city openness both by various methods of transport and ICT. A vital viewpoint that decides the measure of movement in the city is the financial imperativeness (Raj and Dwivedi 2016). Urban arranging quality can lessen the measure of activity by decreasing urban sprawl and making urban areas open by foot or bicycle. Figure 1: Casual Loop diagram of Smart Mobility (Source: Created by author) Concept of Smart mobility Transportation problems cannot be solved by solutions that merely deliver smoothness on its own or sustainability on its own. Rather than optimizing the various different modes of transportation independently, a balanced smooth and sustainable approach is possible by optimizing the overall system (Sukarno, Matsumoto and Susanti 2016). Architecture Currently, each transportation company provides its own services. The provision of transportation in a way that realizes the smart mobility concept requires building a network for the coordination of transportation companies (Tsolakis and Anthopoulos, 2015). It collects and analyses information from the various companies that operate in the city and supplies each company with information they can use to optimize the overall system. Five layers of transportation functions (1) Transportation user experience layer (domain of transportation service users): Layer in which users receive transportation, information, and other services from transportation companies as they travel from place to place (2) Transportation services layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which transportation companies supply services to users (3) Information collection layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which usage information is collected, such as on how users use the services supplied by transportation companies (Veldhuis, van Scheepstal and Vink 2014) (4) Information management and control layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which information management and control is performed to ensure that transportation companies supply their services smoothly (5) Transportation company coordination layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which information from all the transportation companies is collected and analysed, and information is provided to guide the operation, control, and other functions of the transportation companies with the aim of optimizing the citys overall transportation system (Tsolakis and Anthopoulos, 2015). Some examples of Transportation Service The following describes the commuters experience and the operation of the systems run by the transportation companies, which are invisible to the commuters. Multi-modal navigation service: In response to the user entering his desired destination and indicating that his priority is to travel cheaply and quickly, his mobile handset displays a route comprising the optimum mix of transportation companies that will deliver him there quickly and cheaply, and in an energy-efficient way (Sukarno, Matsumoto and Susanti 2016). Integrated fare collection service: If getting the commuter to his destination involves travel by different bus and train companies, this service allows him to use a smartcard to pay a single fare calculated based on departure and destination instead of paying each company separately at each change of vehicle. Service to smooth transfers between bus and train: This service coordinates the arrival times of buses at the railway station to connect with the train schedule (Veldhuis, van Scheepstal and Vink 2014). This eliminates waiting time when changing from bus to train. Electric Vehicle bus charging management system: In this system, the EV (electric vehicle) bus power management system provides information to the bus operation management system via the analysis functions of the urban management infrastructure indicating where, on what route, and when it should be recharged based on its current state of charge (Raj and Dwivedi 2016). As a result, the solution contributes to sustainability (another of the values of smart mobility) by encouraging efficient use of the EV buses and helping reduce CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. Conclusion The essential objective of our work was to build up a re-usable model that could serve as a device for examining and growing new smart city activities by deciding how these activities impact smart city objectives. We have shown how way and circle examination can be utilized to this end. Together with city authorities, we are presently talking about how the model can be utilized as a part of their practice. So far we have connected the model on one event and a second bigger task is planned. Numerous current investigations of keen urban areas concentrate on specific sorts of intercessions, frequently ICT driven, or on yield measurements depicting how well a city scores on criteria, for example, global get to or level of instruction. What these studies don't give is a systemic depiction of how diverse qualities of a brilliant city are interrelated. In the gathering task research program 'Smart Cities' we picked the idea in an all encompassing way. References Boateng, P., Chen, Z. and Ogunlana, S.O., 2016. A dynamic framework for managing the complexities of risks in megaprojects.The Fifth Edition of the International Journal of Technology and Management Research,1(5), pp.1-13. Caponio, G., Massaro, V., Mossa, G. and Mummolo, G., 2015. Strategic Energy Planning of Residential Buildings in a Smart City: A System Dynamics Approach.International Journal of Engineering Business Management,7. Das, D.K., 2013. Using system dynamics principles for conceptual modelling of smart city development in South Africa. de Vries, B.B. and Han, Q.Q., 2015. HOW TO CREATE A SMART CITY?. Raj, A. and Dwivedi, G., 2016, January. SMART City: An Integrated Approach Using System Dynamics. InInternational Conference on Smart Cities, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Sukarno, I., Matsumoto, H. and Susanti, L., 2016. Transportation energy consumption and emissions-a view from city of Indonesia.Future Cities and Environment,2(1), p.6. Tsolakis, N. and Anthopoulos, L., 2015. Eco-cities: An integrated system dynamics framework and a concise research taxonomy.Sustainable Cities and Society,17, pp.1-14. Veldhuis, G.A., van Scheepstal, P.G.M. and Vink, N., 2014.Development of a generic Smart City model using MARVEL. Albany, NY: The System Dynamics Society.

Year Without Oil Essays - Petroleum Politics, Energy Crises

Year Without Oil Opec Oil Embargo / 1973, The Year Without Oil OPEC Oil Embargo There are several things that come to mind when presented with the picture and topic, but the one that stands out most is shortage. However, shortage is an ironic word to use for it. It wasn?t really a shortage in the fact that the world is out of oil, which being a non-renewable resource will be one day, but it was an incredible 130% increase in price by OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. This forced the petroleum market to head into a tailspin. OPEC, started by the major oil producing countries in the Middle East, was designed to give price control to the oil producers, instead of the oil manufacturers. Formed in 1960, OPEC was only a middleman for 10 years, but in the 1970?s, they found the right time to drive up the price of gas. One viewpoint can say it was about time that we started paying these countries for what they were up to that point, giving us, but from the other standpoint, OPEC is no more than a cartel and monopoly. A cartel is two or more parties, the oil producing countries, hurting an innocent third party, oil consumers. OPEC was created to hurt the oil manufacturers who were taking advantage of the oil producers, but unfortunately the one that got hurt from the agreement are the oil selling stations and us, the consumer. Page 2 There are several reasons why it isn?t the manufacturers didn?t get affected by any of the price raises. First of all, no matter how high the price of crude oil goes, the world still has to keep buying oil products. In fact, the world is using more petroleum products now than it ever has before, and can only get it from a few manufacturers, which means a monopoly is feeding an oligopoly. Monopolies are when the economy relies on one source for all of a product, also called a trust. Monopolies are banned in the United States by Anti-Trust Laws. Oligopolies are products, that the economy relies on, that are only available from a few sources. In a large market, the oil market, these companies can raise prices for consumers and receive massive increases in their profits. To really understand the hardships that happened in the 1970?s, and not being around in that time, we can look at the situation we are experiencing today. Although we are not having the shortages, we are still having the problems with inflated oil prices. However, not all things have resulting from the oil embargo have been bad. Cars are being designed to get better gas mileage, and buildings to be more energy efficient. Page 3 There have been some economic analysts predicting that oil prices were going to rise like they did again this year, due to the low price of oil last year. Unleaded gasoline prices were down to around a dollar per gallon, and with the surge of gas buying last summer when prices were down, the surplus of oil became a shortage, therefore driving the price up to new levels. The picture of the gas pumps is a small picture, but trying to put the whole picture into three pages of text was a difficult thing to do. For there are many topics that the oil market covers, but can best be summed up as this. Don Roberts was out of gas at his station because the oil manufacturers cheated the oil producers, and when the oil producers finally got together to get back at the manufacturers, they ended up taking their problems out of consumers. Page 5 Endnotes Economics Essays

Tension and suspense within Scream (Wes Craven) essays

Tension and suspense within 'Scream' (Wes Craven) essays Even before the audience is led into the scene a horrific scream is heard which lets us know that something awful is going to happen. The scream focuses the genre by using recognised conventions of the genre. This scream then leads is into the opening scene of the film. The director uses mid close up shots of Kacey on the phone to represent the importance of the calls and this is continued throughout the opening scene. The camera then cuts to a shot outside of the house where it is dark and windy, representing a stereotypical horror film and also letting us know that the garden has a relevance to the scene. The camera follows Kacey as she goes from the kitchen to once again answer the phone, this builds the tension because we feel as if we are following her and it also creates the idea of her being stalked. Kacey is represented at this point in the scene as very laid-back and the talk of horror films and the way she grabs the knife creates a chilling irony which builds the suspense because we know that something bad is going to happen. The director then cuts to a mid shot of the popcorn expanding which makes the audience visually aware that the story is like a ticking time bomb just waiting to explode. Once again we follow Kacey into the living room listening to the friendly phone call until the killer slips up by asking who hes looking at, it is at this point that the camera zooms in on Kaceys face looking petrified and intrigued. We then see Kacey turn on the outside light to show the garden which has a thick layer of fog slithering over the surface which creates an eerie atmosphere. The shot once again cuts back to the popcorn which is near enough ready to explode which lets the audience know that something big is going to happen and its going to happen soon. As Kacey walks back into the kitchen the lights have faded and shadows have appeared representing her vulnerability and consequently her fate. As Kacey ans ...

The Channel Tunnel Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Channel Tunnel Project - Essay Example The tunnel cost almost $16 billion which was more than twice of the initial cost estimates. The primary focus of the project was to ensure that safety, defence, security and environmental issues do not go unnoticed. The key finding of the assignment is that the entire channel tunnel project was inaccurately scheduled and thus led to all the issues. Therefore the most challenging task of the project was to complete it within the stipulated time frame. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Project Background 4 Project Management Issues 5 7 Discussion and Analysis 8 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction The channel tunnel project was carried out to create a link between France and England through underground tunnels. The channel tunnel also referred to as the Euro tunnel is basically a railway link between United Kingdom and France under the English Channel (7wonders, n.d.). The purpose of the report is to highlight on the areas such as backdrop of the project, the iss ues pertaining to the project and some of the risks which are associated with the project. In other words the report will try to illustrate the exact happenings about and will provide all the relevant details regarding management of the project. Apart from this the report will also highlight on some of issues pertaining to the operation management of the project. The issues will relate to the designing phase, approval phase and the manufacturing phase. However the dissertation will also try to analyse the case and based on which some propositions and recommendations will be also presented. The recommendation and the propositions will be strictly based on governance and management of the project. The report will try to minimize and solve the business management challenges and risks associated with the project. In order to do so some of the operation management tools and techniques such as work breakdown structure, risk management will be consulted. Project Background The project of c hannel tunnel was undertaken in order to link United Kingdom and France through Railways. The project was supposed to be carried out beneath the English Channel between Folkestone of United Kingdom and Calais of France (Construct my future, n.d.). In the context of its development process the project was simply divided into the design phase, manufacturing phase and testing phase. Eurotunnel was chosen as the organization to carry out the entire operation of developing the project. Eurotunnel has contracted the project to Transmachine Link (TML) that has again sub contracted other manufacturers for manufacturing the shuttle wagons. The core reason which has been cited for its outsourcing was the tight timescale factor and companies having to bear heavy liquidity damages. Therefore it minimizes the chances of penalty and risk gets shared. Now to initiate the project there were requirements of a large number of approvals from the Intergovernmental commission (IGC) in the context of des ign, construction and operational phase. Intergovernmental commission was established or recognized under the article 10 of the agreement for managing all the operational activities of the channel tunnel on behalf of the French and UK government (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: European Union Committee, 2011, p.20). The major focus of the project was on safety, security,

Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis - Essay Example GDP is the increase in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy over time. According to the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI), more than three years ago, the 2008 financial crisis already triggered studies on longstanding pattern of slowing growth, characterized by higher cyclical volatility and lower trend growth. In layman’s terms, in the short run, we may be having higher upswings of economic growth but at the cost of having equally strong downswings which are hard to anticipate. However, when you try to see patterns as far as from 1970, the long-run trend is down. A part of this trend is shown on the graph below: As one can notice, there was a steep upward change in GDP growth by the end of the 3rd quarter in 2009. The GDP growth figures for 2011 is 2.2% and 1.6% for eth 1st quarter and the 2nd quarter respectively. The graph above may be misleading insofar as it suggests an upward sloping imaginary trend line, but as far as the ECRI is concerned, two implications are possible: First, the fall of GDP will even be steeper than perhaps the -5% in the 2nd quarter of 2009. This means that it’s only a matter of time before GDP growth hits a -5%. If this is the case, since the economy has its own lags and assuming that this debt problem has no clear end, the US economy will be flirting within -5% range or even lower by next year.The second probable case is that though the dip in GDP will only be slight, it will be more frequent resulting in persistent recession perhaps every 2-3 years as the interval of the 2008 crisis with the current crisis. Given that GDP will be fallin short, another index that significantly goes together with this is employment, which can be expected to decrease as well. The index that is commonly used for this is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate then is defined as the number of unemployed divided by the total labor force while the labor force can be defined as the number of people employed plu s the number unemployed and is seeking work. This on the other hand was expounded on by Okun’s law, which verifies that employment, a factor of production, affects output, albeit with a lag. Okun’s law states that a one point increase in the unemployment rate is equated with two percentage poonts of negative growth in real GDP. So if this the case, if GDP falls in the near future, the unemployment rate may be breaching the 10% line. The unemployment rate is pictures below with the graph showing an upward trend from the start of 2006 to the 2nd half of 2011. As one can see, the unemployment rate has been very high, close to 10%, since mid-year of 2009. Alas, this is a signal that the economy is not producing goods and services the best that it could or at full capacity, because of the many jobless citizens. This is the reason why the Fed, with Bernanke at the lead, is using monetary to expand the economy through the use of interest rates. Monetary policy operations incl ude controlling some overnight or short-term interest rates and these rates to lend money to commercial banks influencing mortgage rates and other types of loans. The logic of controlling interest rates is this: lower interest rates means lower costs for companies who wish to borrow money. The lower cost for borrowing is an incentive for more companies to borrow money and invest in capital expansion and businesses. More capital put up would mean not only

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay AbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can diminish the fuel consumption and green house gases production. Different types of electric hybrid powertrains are described Special attention is paid to electric power splitting. Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 production of one hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 10Ã'Ž 8 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 Total world production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto Protocol tries to estimate if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthÃ'Ž Expansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emission and fuel consumption. Hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard means giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard improving in many countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. A. Basic Drive Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE gear box GB battery traction motor TM BAT ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator ~ ~ generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. [1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called :†Slovenska Strela† and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on. But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† The ICE drives a DC generator which â€Å"stator† and rotor can rotate separately. The â€Å"stator† is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator â€Å"stator† and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefÃ'Ž Bozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. [5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15]. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 – 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of car’s performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in [15] [16]Ã'Ž Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333Ã'Ž 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second: Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13. 5% less CO2 . REFERENCES [1] V. Klima : Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 [2] J. Sousedik : Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. [3] J. Bilek: Electric drive of motor cars â€Å"Slovenska strela† (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu â€Å"Slovenska strela†). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. [4] J. Mierlo: Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. [5] Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus: Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 [6] T. Denton : Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. [7] Michael H. Wesbrook: The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London [9] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives. Proceedings of 8th International Conference â€Å"Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004†, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. [10] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. [11] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. 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