Motivations for Expatriation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inspirations for Expatriation - Essay Example In this manner, universal procedure is the bearing that organizations try to seek after, and these techniques must be equipped fundamentally towards the accomplishment of the business objectives. Sending home-nation chiefs to another country or internationalization of individuals is one of these methodologies embraced by associations working at the global level. This procedure known as exile is anything but another wonder yet has as of late overwhelmed the corporate world creation ostracize supervisors the standard. Ostracize directors assume a significant job in dealing with the parent association's remote auxiliaries. Exile supervisors are urgent to the procedure of globalization as they are the parent organization's or central station's dependable delegate presented abroad on successfully execute corporate methodologies. As they gain in understanding, nation explicit information, between social aptitudes and worldwide point of view, they become significant resources for the parent organization turning out to be prepared players on the worldwide stage. The opposite of this where by universal chiefs from their abroad assignments are moved to the home-advertise is known as inpatriation. Selmer (1995) keeps up that exile and inpatriation are the main systems where staff are selected at universal postings. Line administrators and specialized work force are the most widely recognized situations as subjects of exile and inpatriation (p. 3). While the two exiles and inpatriates are apparently at furthest edges of the range, they have some significant regular necessities: between culture abilities, nation explicit or nearby information, etc. Of the two internationalizing techniques, exile is the more established one and the prime focal point of this exploration. Shell is one of the organizations that encourage a significant level of exile (Cameron, 2002). Shell is glad for its long history of ostracize work just as the significant number of its exile staff. Shell justifiably, sees exile work as essential to the idea of the organization. Shell accepts unequivocally that ostracize staff, at all of its focuses, contributes enormously to the development and accomplishment of the organization particularly in blend with the aptitudes and skill of the neighborhood staff. In 2004, the organization propelled the New Generation Expatriation program to encourage and oblige the changing needs of the business, needs of staff and their families including accomplices' vocations. The program recognizes the high worth Shell places on its exile staff and their families and attempts to meet differing necessities beyond what many would consider possible. Having a noteworthy number on the ostracize moves, Shell is in a situation to move basic aptitudes to places where they are required and create vocations which will flexibly Shell with all around skillful pioneers (Hofmeister, 2004). 2.0 Rationale It is basic for associations to recognize and prepare their exile staff and pioneers in anticipation of worldwide arrangement. Particularly since the capacity of exile chiefs to prevail on outside shores directly affects the organization's exhibition in the worldwide market. While the exile technique has critical preferences and the ostracize director is a 'prepared player' there

Morality in J.B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls Essay -- J. B. Priestl

'An Inspector Calls' Essay In Act One of 'An Inspector Calls' the manner by which does J.B. Priestley utilize sensational gadgets to pass on his interests and thoughts to the individuals from the crowd, just as intrigue and include them in his play? 'An Inspector Calls' is an ethical quality play - a type of play created in the late medieval times wherein a Christian good exercise was brought out through the battle between the powers of good and underhandedness - set in 1912, and rotates around the scrutinizing of a family by Inspector Goole about the self destruction of a young lady (Eva Smith) that the family knew.The creator, J.B. Priestley is attempting to give us what a few people's presumption and childishness can cause without them in any event, taking note. Priestley was a communist, thusly by composing this play he was causing to notice the awful things about private enterprise. The Inspector was proposing to show the Birlings that ?...we need to share something. In the event that there?s nothing else, we?ll need to share our blame? Act One. By saying this, he is revealing to them they are all as liable as one another of the self destruction of Eva Smith, this additionally connections to Priestley being a communist sinc e he is humiliating the Birlings. The doorbell ringing seems to isolate the two mind-sets (when the Inspector shows up). Priestley has utilized sensational incongruity by making the doorbell ring to interfere with Birling?s discourse, similarly as he is looking at taking care of ?...yourself and your own? Act One, by saying this before the doorbell rings, Birling is now delving himself into an opening before he even knows it. It is unexpected on the grounds that the Inspector is here to show him his duties regarding others, when he is stating you should just take care of your self and your family. As the Inspector enters the ch... ...y liable and thoughtful for what she has done, while Mr and Mrs Birling couldn?t care less and stay unsympathetic all through. The manner in which Mr and Mrs Birling don?t care makes the play intriguing for the crowd, as they are hanging tight for them to split, the Inspector additionally keeps up the crowds focus by the manner in which he gradually unwinds the story and the manner in which he examines individuals in the request that they met the young lady. I think the dramatist would like to instruct individuals that cash isn?t everything and that individuals who are presumptuous and narrow minded will get their comeuppances in the end. The lesson of the play despite everything, applies to today?s society since it makes us consider the things we do that include disregarding individuals less blessed than us when we understand that there are Eva Smiths surrounding us simply hanging tight for an opportunity to endure the remorseless world we live in.

Symbolism in Mr Rochesters Descriptions of Jane Eyre Essay

Imagery in Mr Rochesters Descriptions of Jane Eyre - Essay Example At their first gathering (in Chapter 12 of the novel), Mr Rochester and his pony have taken a fall, and Jane Eyre is the main individual within reach to offer assistance. At the point when he comes to realize that she remains at Thornfield, he is confused on the grounds that he can't make her out. He can see that she is certifiably not a minor hireling; when she reveals to him that she is the tutor, he communicates wonder at having 'overlooked' that chance. Nonetheless, it is just when they next meet that she discovers that he is the ace of the house. As of now, in Chapter 13, he uncovers what he thought of his first gathering with her: . . . you have rather the appearance of a different universe. I wondered where you had got that kind of face. At the point when you went ahead me in Hay Lane the previous evening, I considered untouchably fantasies, and had a large portion of a psyche to request whether you had charmed my pony: I don't know yet. Throughout the discussion he concedes that he would not have figured out how to figure her age, for herfeatures and face are such a great amount at difference. He requests to see her student drawings and judges that they have been conceived of elfin contemplations. . . . In the following section, at his next gathering with her, Mr Rochester repeats that there is something particular about Miss Eyre: . . . you have the quality of a little nonnette; curious, peaceful, grave, and basic, as you sit with your hands before you, and your eyes commonly bowed on the rug (aside from, by-the-bye, when they are coordinated piercingly to my face; as seconds ago, for example); and when one asks you an inquiry, or says something to which you are obliged to answer, you rap out a round response, which, if not gruff, is in any event curt. This is by all accounts the main depiction of Jane by Mr Rochester that agrees with the one that happens toward the finish of Chapter 26. It seems to infer that he sees her grave and unadulterated straightforwardness, and that the elfin and pixie symbolism he disperses so promptly in his depictions of her mirror his own musings and fears as opposed to his origination of her actual nature. In Chapter 15, Jane, maybe to some degree generally, spares her dozing expert from a fire. The words that he at that point delivers to her are, to understated the obvious, bizarre: for the sake of all the mythical people in Christendom, is that Jane Eyre he requested. What have you finished with me, witch, sorceress Who is in the room other than you Have you plotted to suffocate me It is, most likely, just Mr Rochester's origination of Christendom that can suit mythical beings, witches and magic. Anyway, Jane isn't at all put out by this reaction and answers her lord in Heaven's name without reference to any such dishonor or agnostic symbolism as utilized by her lord. Mr Rochester, in Chapter 19, camouflages himself as a rover lady who had come to tell the fortunes of the single ladies of value at that point present at Thornhill. Different women are either delighted or frustrated with what they hear, however the soothsayer appears to have come particularly to peruse Jane's fortune. At the point when eye to eye with Jane the ' lady' sheds her vagabond tongue and declaims in high wonderful language: The fire flashes in the eye; the eye sparkles like dew; it looks delicate and loaded with feeling; it grins at my language: it is defenseless; impression finishes impression its unmistakable circle; where it stops to

Finding Order of Research Paper Apa Online

Finding Order of Research Paper Apa Online A couple are still students. You should have a synopsis of your research in the debut of your report because it will give a non-specialist with a fast history of the area. Students could rather seek the help of writing companies. Some students simply don't have sufficient knowledge for a definite job. The essay ought to be typed. The significance of the outline in the research paper is clear. You can also see essay outline. Making an APA outline is the very first point to do in developing a structure on what's going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. The Unexposed Secret of Order of Research Paper Apa You will get unique texts, which will be finished in time. With the introduction of mapping applications including Google Earth, it's no harm to include things like a map of the website or sites in the appendices. Let's say you pay for at least 10 orders for the length of a class. 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THE AIR BEHIND OUR PRISON WALLS- Prisons and rights - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3148 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? THE AIR BEHIND OUR PRISON WALLS Introduction We all have for long taken for granted ways of punishing which have relieved us the burden of thinking deeply about punishments, as a results we narrowly formulate ideas and channels of effecting this process which eventually later we fail our target of deterrence and reform for which penal systems are meant to achieve. I want us to address the punitive process and particularly its purpose for which it is meant to achieve and still in a particular way observe trial and judicial process which as result penal systems are based upon. For decades the fate of offenders have been always falling in the hands of the state. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "THE AIR BEHIND OUR PRISON WALLS- Prisons and rights" essay for you Create order The state has a developed judicial system which justice is entrusted to serve. Upon apprehension of an offender majority suspects of crime are remanded to await trial for conviction or acquittal to that effect if the suspect does not afford or meet cash bail constraints. CASUALTIES OF EUROPEAN PRISONS Noticeably Africans inherited prisons from their colonial masters, structurally and penal frameworks which as well has a fundamentally European origin. Our legends for African liberations being our great grandparent, grandparents, and our elderly living were victim of the first African prisons. The best definition for torture can be best defined by the despicable prospects of European prisons our men faced during the fight for freedom. My big question is; after our liberation from the whites, did we by any chance inherit the same the current prison system was subsumed as other administrative and political arena took African control retaining European face. If Maumau movemen t for example would be re-established, the target would be leaders of our own who unfortunately have served and continues to serve with disguised European prospects where their colour have concealed their ridiculed iniquities. We must at all cost make sure our political systems serve humanity without any speck of hypocrisy, have leaders who keeps the interest of all people at heart. I know it is much to ask from the new millennium era à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"digital eraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ but anyway failure to comply will in all days raise criticism and we who have seen a shred of hope will be activist for this fundamental reforms. Today my concern target our prisons extensively after realization of fundamental rights which have been for a long time undermined despite international convections which we are signatory to and our newly promulgated constitution 2010 which guarantee rights to persons put in custody, detained or awaiting trial. More importantly since pan Africanism and Afr ican liberation there are no noticeable developments within our penal system or prison structures despite the fact that they have been adopted from our colonial masters. We at all times celebrate our national freedom without the realization of the existence of our own self colonialism which we suffer from by embracing neocolonialism and facilitating European colonial à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"landmarksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Our prisons are the living evidence. Without mentioning Hague proceedings which have ambushed our only leaders and in addition and what appear more disturbing the despicable torture of our own liberation legends by our own leaders at Nyayo chambers. I understand some inequity is us Africans to blame but also Europeans have always with their disguised strategies manipulated our African ideals by all means. PRISONS AND RIGHTS To begin with; our penal system and prison system being a central subject in identifying African decency and free will in self Governance should be r eformed and assume new structural development and new penal system which are effective to our African heritage for practicability and humane and dignity accountancy as guaranteed by our constitution 2010 article 28. It is of vital importance to address the fate of a remandee whose individual liberties and human life features are deprived. Being a remandee/prisoner makes one eligible to be treated as a homogeneous group in a solitary confinements worthless of the society. It is irrevocable that this is the least status that a human being can acquire. Prisons are institutions which to their capacity limit most of the fundamental rights [1]which include locking up offenders for a lengthy period of time against their will during pendency of their criminal proceedings. A wide range of constraint are placed on their freedoms on what they can and cannot do. There are a few questions which we need to explore concerning individual rights of people faced with criminal charges. It is not in dispute that offenders have got their rights which are warranted by our constitution and other international humanitarian organization which we are signatories. Justice to be served to the accused the presumption of innocence until proven guilty is a prerequisite measure thus every prisoner who awaits trial in a solitary confinement with his fundamental rights deprived has his rights infringed. Constitution of Kenya 2010 Article 49-51 3(b[2]) seek humane treatments of persons detained, held in custody, or imprisoned. This include a good dietary, shelter, and clothing and conducive favorable environment for that purpose. This havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been met by our penal system despite our Kenyan constitution fundamentally expressly guaranteeing its practicability in our constitutional reforms. This is a constitutional bleach and contravention of its provisions which need to be observed to the latter. All these rights are forsaken at the first sight in our legal judicial p rocess, to my knowledge our Kenyan prison structures are the least tolerable one as far as hygiene, health decency and sanitations are concerned. In addition international convections on civil and political rights as adopted by general assembly in international standards and regulationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under article 10 stated that all persons deprived off their liberties shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. Stale prison developments; There have been numerous developments in all realms of lives in our globalized economy; politics, social and scientific revolutions which have taken numerous drifts in all continents which have made the whole world a global village. Unfortunately prisons have been held dormant in their structural and operational framework since its inception, despite the fact that they are serving humans in a globalized settings. Our penal systems rarely embrace other penal procedures effectively, th is explains why our prisons are overcrowded beyond control. It have been a failure made by our penologists persistently made indeed forming the current dysfunctional characterized modern prisons.[3] Lawrence stone in addressing the problems of punishments today characterize twentieth- century prisons as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"vestigial institutions which are less useful for system maintenance than an appendix in an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [4] twentieth century prisons existence; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" they have simply survived because they have taken on a quasi-independent life of its own, which enables them to survive the overwhelming evidence of their social dysfuntionalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [5]in addition he re-establish this problematic prisons as the contemporary intuition that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"nothing worksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ extends with the slightly less force to probation, fines and community corrections[6]. We consider how best to run prisons, organize probation or enforce fines, rathe r than question why these measures are used in the first place. There havenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been any active researchers to categorically work on the effective results of our punitive systems, whether the research methods and data collected illuminate truth isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t my concern today since the existence of these research programs are questionable in the first place, all we have to note is that our system treat offenders like aliens, outcast, deviants losers etc. this notions and perceptions existed in early 15th -gt;centuries. We still hold some of the arbitrary draconian and orthodoxy extreme measures of crime control[7]. Our systems predominantly have always been focusing on the offence and not the offender. The reforms which were essentially adopted during the neoclassical era, Holmes describe offenders as morally diseased and wicked and as a general cause of crime who deserve segregated confinement. We still hold this sentiments of our early penologist to serve a different crime structure. This are merely the ill-fated strategies of crime control. Other different authors have taken notice too that the new era prisons has most of the continuing crisis and disruption in their penal systems which has no longer been taken seriously the rehabilitative values and ideologies upon which it was originally based upon. PURPOSIVE PUNITIVE SYSTEM There have been numerous proposals for advancement for new penal policies in the past which seek to reform prison framework and penal policies of sentencing; the humane containment, conception of imprisonment, probation and community service. These all policies have different purpose for which they are meant to achieve which include; moral reform, training, treatments, correction, rehabilitation, deterrence and incapacitation among others. This makes it clear that a prison provide an opportunity for reform and thus should be decent and austere.[8] It have been evident that our current system makes our p unitive system the most remote process to achieve deterrence. It is of much doubt that any of practical punitive procedures that we embrace now is meant to achieve any of the above purpose. The whole system have failed to consider the main objective for which any penal policies are meant to achieve which makes the whole process dysfunctional. It is dysfunctional to have two primary objectives which are not compatible due to poor functional and structural set up. It is not possible to maintain a balance between the object of deterrence which implies a punitive coercive environment with that of rehabilitation which need not adverse sanctions but rather a simple re-correction formula. In fact as result of this coercive punitive measures; it makes the offender tolerant to this unbearable environment which build resistance to change. Tallack defines offenders as morally responsible individuals worthy of a chance to reform and thus there is need for them to be treated with respect and humanity.[9] It is also important to understand the distinction of the two results (deterrence and reform) and the other irrelevant results which seem morally right but irrational among them being retribution for vengeance which solve a criminal act with another as a pay back. Eventually as a result the outcome which is being aimed at is wrong in the first place, then improving the process will simply mean that one achieves the wrong outcome more effectively. When the offender serves and completes his jail term, the friendly welcoming environment there after upon release will have no significance to his social life change, moreover the offender will treat every individual with bitterness for vengeance due to adverse irrational punitive procedures. Detention and complete segregation alone serve no purpose except physically lifting opportunities of perpetuating acts of crime which ultimate results does not met the purpose for which this punitive measure are meant to achieve. The institution of punishments conveniently provide us with narrowly construed answers to questions which crime in our society would otherwise evoke with haste. At this juncture this systems fails to address any long-term major problem that may arise in solving a subsequent minor problem. Our institutions are shallow, they tell us what criminality is and how should be sanctioned, how much punishment is appropriate and what emotions can be expressed, who is entitled to punish and where in lays the authority to do so. The major problems nevertheless are ignored or authoritatively settled or overshadowed. Our penal system in its very existence as a result end up helping us to forget that other answer exist to these problems and their settlements are possible and coherent to our overwhelming developments plans and strategies for change. And good prison institution is one which protect the ideal, personality and respect for human dignity and conscious and as well main good order in priso ns, Provide prisoners with opportunities to develop their personalities talents and skills in a positive manner, encourage prisoners to face up to the consequences of their actions in a manner which recognizes the harm which they have committed and which makes it less likely that they will act in a similar way in future and to that effect the system must also prepare prisoners for integration in to society upon release. Better prison structures which protect rights to privacy thus not converging inmates in a warehouse groupings which promote cruelty within prisons unlike secured cubicles which promote mutual trust and sense for respect and dignity. This does in anyway change the punitive prospects of the prisons since seclusion and confinements as well as cheap labor is equally punitive. There is a depth of untapped potential in our prisons which could be realized for the benefit of our communities and for reform purposes those ensuring crime control is effective at its beneficia l limits which include engaging prisoners in meaningful work;- Teesside university 2003;4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..researchers reported after a project to evaluate the work carried out by three prisons in north- east of England to help Middlebrough council renovating a large Victorian park in the middle of the town that prisoners work best where they serve the community among them being the family of the prisoners which as a result buys trust and sense of pride and achievements. The pride does not only arise from the quality of work only but also because of who the beneficially of such projects would be, e.g. orphans, the poor, family and the entire society.[10] Justice at stake In our Kenyan criminal trials, it is evident that criminal proceedings takes at least 2rys to commence. Appeals situation is despicable; appeals takes at least 5yrs. At these level the scale of justice tilt at all material time is contested but in the long run ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the jury whose hands are tie d by law deliver à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ based on witnesses, evidence and material facts presented before honorable court. Witness summoning by the prosecution in criminal cases have been the baseline for the ultimate delay of criminal proceedings, office of the D.P.P have been blamed for this hiccups which on the other hand the offender is the one who feel the pinch. Eventually these becomes a long-term investments to the judicial staffs and advocates who are the beneficiary of this delay. In addition to all above miseries our courts layouts are limited, improperly furnished with their structural settings squeezed to the edge. The offender at all material times are crowded and squeezed together; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the ill-fated onesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to compete for their last breathe of freedom until the commencement of their trial. At this level we all agree that justice can fit a better definition and thus it is our initiative to re-evaluate prisonersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social status. It is irrevocable that the prison warden too who spend more time within the prison walls with prisoners; significantly for a longer period of time than the majority of the prisoners thus are more effectively encroached within the same poor prison structural and environmental settings. This environs based on the poor sanitations are hazardous to both prison staff and inmates as well, this answer the question why ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the profession that attract the least public interest. The profession credentials are way too low to serve the least knowledgeable crew. This is as a result of inhumane and intolerable working environment which most graduates are not willing to bear. Our environmentalist rarely overstretch their duties to serve prisons which is an initiative NEMA should take to improve prison hygiene and sanitations which marks as one of the most cherished humane features. Revolution for change There have been humanitarian reform movement s which connect with classical criminology and some of the foundations of eugenic ideology as further classified by William Tallack and Thomas Holmes who were at different time secretaries to these movements. [11]Tallack acknowledged poverty as a significant contributory factor to crime and underlines the need for a thoughtful and discerning use of penal discipline.[12] Alongside other movements, Church of England temperance society had a remarkable stake in introduction of probations in United Kingdom as an alternative punitive measure for minor offences. John Augustus is referred to as the first probation officer whose initiative for probation inception cannot be watered-down. Our penal system has a quite wide range of penal procedures which on application would give a glowing face to our justice system and our crime control units. Thus there would be no justifications of our overstretched prison population for that matter. Prison reforms and sentencing strategies need to be revived to embrace other penal measures and relieve imprisonment which have been totally dominant for decades. It is possible for us to change this unbearable prison system to achieve the same purpose but in a favorable humane way. Most offenders are individuals with carriers; formal skills which can be utilized in a prison setup. I do understand it have been in practice for a good while but it have not been effected to its exhaustion. Our prisons do not provide a wide range of varieties of practical skills in jail. most prisoners as forced to abandon their formal skills to learn and adopt others which are outdated and least dependable skills despite the fact that there are prisoners who have adorable skills which are not recognized at this level. A good prison structure is that that accommodates individuals of all levels with humanity, treat them with respect and dignity, honor their opinions religious believes, political affiliations, their rational judgments and warrant th eir fundamental right. Their freedom limits should be exercised with austerity. The system should help prisoners To use their expertise to serve the nation as a payback for their actions;- Teachers, engineers, drivers, architect, medical practitioners and other formal or informal skills to be utilized to the maxim; it is the best way penal system can achieve its main purpose of reform and deterrence more effectively. This will make all remandees/prisoners a resourceful asset and not a liability to our economy and a more rational and socially fitting and dependable being. I may not have addressed every penal process and explored its lucrative results but essentially it is important to note that, even though imprisonment is a punitive measure of last resort.it is necessary we embrace other punitive and reform methods and honor right of individuals in custody because ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a prerequisite tool to administer justice within and outside prisons. Suppose our institutions are meeting normal expectations and overall directions or basic legitimacy are unchallenged then there wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be such failures in our penal systems and if there would be any, no great consequences would be eminent. [1] David Gurland; punishment and the modern society(1990) pg 5 [2] Constitution of Kenya 2010 Article 49-51 3(b) [3] Michel Foucault [4] Lawrence stone(London 1987)failure of punishments [5] Lawrence;-D.Rothman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prisons; failure model.(1974) .pg 647 [6] David Gurland; punishment and the modern society(1990) pg 5 [7] Classical theory criminologist; Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham(Taylor 1973) [8] General report of the general board of directions of prisons in Scotland 1840,pg23 [9] William tallack (1882). [10] The crisis in crime and punishment and the search for alternatives;-Cayley, D [1998] [11] Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"understanding community penaltiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2002) pg 25. [12] Tallack à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in a paper presented to a meeting of American prison officers in New Yorkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (1871)

Napolean Bonaparte Considered to be the Savior of the...

An important period in the history of France, was the French Revolution, covering the years of 1789 to 1799 (French Revolution cite). During this period of time, Napolean Bonaprate was considered to be the savior of the French Revolution and of France itself; Napolean ended the revolution while putting it in the hands of a government that brought stability and equality throughout the country (Napolean Bonaparte cite). The main cause of the French Revolution was because of the constant failure of the governments and their ability to manage the country. However, when Napolean became a leader he made sure that Frances current conditions would change. This individual had a tremendous impact on the region, which many believe saved Frances conception and government. The inveterate legacy from this individual is the Napoleonic Code (NBS). Napolean based this code mainly on the idea of equality, that way the region wasnt divided among the rich and poor or wealth status; inequality played a m ajor role in the French Revolution since people were treated based on their affluence. The Napoleonic Code divided Civil Law into three categories, thus being: Personal Status, Property, Acquisition of Property (NBS). Even though there were conflicts among this code, it ensured that everyone would have a chance to gain personal wealth and status, instead of pursuing off of family sovereignty. This code, interestingly, is still in use to this day in former French colonies such as Quebec and

System Engineering for Managers Smart City

Question: Discuss about the smart city and find the complexity in the system using the system dynamics methodology. Answer: Introduction The idea of smart city has turned into the focal thought to which urban communities are currently swinging to confront their difficulties and seek after the requests put on them. This is outlined by a European Commission study to survey how a wide assortment of shrewd city activities add to the skyline 2020 objectives and assets being made accessible for such activities (Boateng, Chen and Ogunlana, 2016). In any case, numerous meanings of a savvy city exist and the utilization of "smart" is utilized as a part of a self-salutary style. Smart Cities In both connected and experimental production the idea 'smart city' is utilized as a part of an assortment of courses: as a capacity that urban areas have, as a holder to mean different activities and developments, and as a name utilized by urban communities themselves (de Vries and Han 2015). Particularly this last utilization of the savvy urban communitys idea has gotten significant feedback (Caponio et al. 2015). Being "smart" is by definition seen as a positive property. Lastly it is hard to separate build-up and showcasing on one side and helpful developments and a basic viewpoint on the eventual fate of urban areas on the other. Now in the examination we have increased some knowledge in what sorts of smart city activities exist and why they may be utilized. A detailed analysis is done on the smart city to gauge the brilliance of the city advancement and accumulation of information about the infrastructure. In light of writing a wide system of six qualities framed and that measure the capacity of a city to be shrewd, (Das 2013) such as: Smart people Smart living Smart Environment Smart Economy Smart Mobility Smart Governance The study puts underline on various parts of activities including a "comprehensive" methodology. The smart mobility is chosen from the six components of the smart city and discussed in details. Smart Mobility Smart Mobility depicts the city openness both by various methods of transport and ICT. A vital viewpoint that decides the measure of movement in the city is the financial imperativeness (Raj and Dwivedi 2016). Urban arranging quality can lessen the measure of activity by decreasing urban sprawl and making urban areas open by foot or bicycle. Figure 1: Casual Loop diagram of Smart Mobility (Source: Created by author) Concept of Smart mobility Transportation problems cannot be solved by solutions that merely deliver smoothness on its own or sustainability on its own. Rather than optimizing the various different modes of transportation independently, a balanced smooth and sustainable approach is possible by optimizing the overall system (Sukarno, Matsumoto and Susanti 2016). Architecture Currently, each transportation company provides its own services. The provision of transportation in a way that realizes the smart mobility concept requires building a network for the coordination of transportation companies (Tsolakis and Anthopoulos, 2015). It collects and analyses information from the various companies that operate in the city and supplies each company with information they can use to optimize the overall system. Five layers of transportation functions (1) Transportation user experience layer (domain of transportation service users): Layer in which users receive transportation, information, and other services from transportation companies as they travel from place to place (2) Transportation services layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which transportation companies supply services to users (3) Information collection layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which usage information is collected, such as on how users use the services supplied by transportation companies (Veldhuis, van Scheepstal and Vink 2014) (4) Information management and control layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which information management and control is performed to ensure that transportation companies supply their services smoothly (5) Transportation company coordination layer (domain of transportation companies): Layer in which information from all the transportation companies is collected and analysed, and information is provided to guide the operation, control, and other functions of the transportation companies with the aim of optimizing the citys overall transportation system (Tsolakis and Anthopoulos, 2015). Some examples of Transportation Service The following describes the commuters experience and the operation of the systems run by the transportation companies, which are invisible to the commuters. Multi-modal navigation service: In response to the user entering his desired destination and indicating that his priority is to travel cheaply and quickly, his mobile handset displays a route comprising the optimum mix of transportation companies that will deliver him there quickly and cheaply, and in an energy-efficient way (Sukarno, Matsumoto and Susanti 2016). Integrated fare collection service: If getting the commuter to his destination involves travel by different bus and train companies, this service allows him to use a smartcard to pay a single fare calculated based on departure and destination instead of paying each company separately at each change of vehicle. Service to smooth transfers between bus and train: This service coordinates the arrival times of buses at the railway station to connect with the train schedule (Veldhuis, van Scheepstal and Vink 2014). This eliminates waiting time when changing from bus to train. Electric Vehicle bus charging management system: In this system, the EV (electric vehicle) bus power management system provides information to the bus operation management system via the analysis functions of the urban management infrastructure indicating where, on what route, and when it should be recharged based on its current state of charge (Raj and Dwivedi 2016). As a result, the solution contributes to sustainability (another of the values of smart mobility) by encouraging efficient use of the EV buses and helping reduce CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. Conclusion The essential objective of our work was to build up a re-usable model that could serve as a device for examining and growing new smart city activities by deciding how these activities impact smart city objectives. We have shown how way and circle examination can be utilized to this end. Together with city authorities, we are presently talking about how the model can be utilized as a part of their practice. So far we have connected the model on one event and a second bigger task is planned. Numerous current investigations of keen urban areas concentrate on specific sorts of intercessions, frequently ICT driven, or on yield measurements depicting how well a city scores on criteria, for example, global get to or level of instruction. What these studies don't give is a systemic depiction of how diverse qualities of a brilliant city are interrelated. In the gathering task research program 'Smart Cities' we picked the idea in an all encompassing way. References Boateng, P., Chen, Z. and Ogunlana, S.O., 2016. A dynamic framework for managing the complexities of risks in megaprojects.The Fifth Edition of the International Journal of Technology and Management Research,1(5), pp.1-13. Caponio, G., Massaro, V., Mossa, G. and Mummolo, G., 2015. Strategic Energy Planning of Residential Buildings in a Smart City: A System Dynamics Approach.International Journal of Engineering Business Management,7. Das, D.K., 2013. Using system dynamics principles for conceptual modelling of smart city development in South Africa. de Vries, B.B. and Han, Q.Q., 2015. HOW TO CREATE A SMART CITY?. Raj, A. and Dwivedi, G., 2016, January. SMART City: An Integrated Approach Using System Dynamics. InInternational Conference on Smart Cities, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Sukarno, I., Matsumoto, H. and Susanti, L., 2016. Transportation energy consumption and emissions-a view from city of Indonesia.Future Cities and Environment,2(1), p.6. Tsolakis, N. and Anthopoulos, L., 2015. Eco-cities: An integrated system dynamics framework and a concise research taxonomy.Sustainable Cities and Society,17, pp.1-14. Veldhuis, G.A., van Scheepstal, P.G.M. and Vink, N., 2014.Development of a generic Smart City model using MARVEL. Albany, NY: The System Dynamics Society.

Year Without Oil Essays - Petroleum Politics, Energy Crises

Year Without Oil Opec Oil Embargo / 1973, The Year Without Oil OPEC Oil Embargo There are several things that come to mind when presented with the picture and topic, but the one that stands out most is shortage. However, shortage is an ironic word to use for it. It wasn?t really a shortage in the fact that the world is out of oil, which being a non-renewable resource will be one day, but it was an incredible 130% increase in price by OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. This forced the petroleum market to head into a tailspin. OPEC, started by the major oil producing countries in the Middle East, was designed to give price control to the oil producers, instead of the oil manufacturers. Formed in 1960, OPEC was only a middleman for 10 years, but in the 1970?s, they found the right time to drive up the price of gas. One viewpoint can say it was about time that we started paying these countries for what they were up to that point, giving us, but from the other standpoint, OPEC is no more than a cartel and monopoly. A cartel is two or more parties, the oil producing countries, hurting an innocent third party, oil consumers. OPEC was created to hurt the oil manufacturers who were taking advantage of the oil producers, but unfortunately the one that got hurt from the agreement are the oil selling stations and us, the consumer. Page 2 There are several reasons why it isn?t the manufacturers didn?t get affected by any of the price raises. First of all, no matter how high the price of crude oil goes, the world still has to keep buying oil products. In fact, the world is using more petroleum products now than it ever has before, and can only get it from a few manufacturers, which means a monopoly is feeding an oligopoly. Monopolies are when the economy relies on one source for all of a product, also called a trust. Monopolies are banned in the United States by Anti-Trust Laws. Oligopolies are products, that the economy relies on, that are only available from a few sources. In a large market, the oil market, these companies can raise prices for consumers and receive massive increases in their profits. To really understand the hardships that happened in the 1970?s, and not being around in that time, we can look at the situation we are experiencing today. Although we are not having the shortages, we are still having the problems with inflated oil prices. However, not all things have resulting from the oil embargo have been bad. Cars are being designed to get better gas mileage, and buildings to be more energy efficient. Page 3 There have been some economic analysts predicting that oil prices were going to rise like they did again this year, due to the low price of oil last year. Unleaded gasoline prices were down to around a dollar per gallon, and with the surge of gas buying last summer when prices were down, the surplus of oil became a shortage, therefore driving the price up to new levels. The picture of the gas pumps is a small picture, but trying to put the whole picture into three pages of text was a difficult thing to do. For there are many topics that the oil market covers, but can best be summed up as this. Don Roberts was out of gas at his station because the oil manufacturers cheated the oil producers, and when the oil producers finally got together to get back at the manufacturers, they ended up taking their problems out of consumers. Page 5 Endnotes Economics Essays

Tension and suspense within Scream (Wes Craven) essays

Tension and suspense within 'Scream' (Wes Craven) essays Even before the audience is led into the scene a horrific scream is heard which lets us know that something awful is going to happen. The scream focuses the genre by using recognised conventions of the genre. This scream then leads is into the opening scene of the film. The director uses mid close up shots of Kacey on the phone to represent the importance of the calls and this is continued throughout the opening scene. The camera then cuts to a shot outside of the house where it is dark and windy, representing a stereotypical horror film and also letting us know that the garden has a relevance to the scene. The camera follows Kacey as she goes from the kitchen to once again answer the phone, this builds the tension because we feel as if we are following her and it also creates the idea of her being stalked. Kacey is represented at this point in the scene as very laid-back and the talk of horror films and the way she grabs the knife creates a chilling irony which builds the suspense because we know that something bad is going to happen. The director then cuts to a mid shot of the popcorn expanding which makes the audience visually aware that the story is like a ticking time bomb just waiting to explode. Once again we follow Kacey into the living room listening to the friendly phone call until the killer slips up by asking who hes looking at, it is at this point that the camera zooms in on Kaceys face looking petrified and intrigued. We then see Kacey turn on the outside light to show the garden which has a thick layer of fog slithering over the surface which creates an eerie atmosphere. The shot once again cuts back to the popcorn which is near enough ready to explode which lets the audience know that something big is going to happen and its going to happen soon. As Kacey walks back into the kitchen the lights have faded and shadows have appeared representing her vulnerability and consequently her fate. As Kacey ans ...

The Channel Tunnel Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Channel Tunnel Project - Essay Example The tunnel cost almost $16 billion which was more than twice of the initial cost estimates. The primary focus of the project was to ensure that safety, defence, security and environmental issues do not go unnoticed. The key finding of the assignment is that the entire channel tunnel project was inaccurately scheduled and thus led to all the issues. Therefore the most challenging task of the project was to complete it within the stipulated time frame. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Project Background 4 Project Management Issues 5 7 Discussion and Analysis 8 Conclusion 10 References 11 Introduction The channel tunnel project was carried out to create a link between France and England through underground tunnels. The channel tunnel also referred to as the Euro tunnel is basically a railway link between United Kingdom and France under the English Channel (7wonders, n.d.). The purpose of the report is to highlight on the areas such as backdrop of the project, the iss ues pertaining to the project and some of the risks which are associated with the project. In other words the report will try to illustrate the exact happenings about and will provide all the relevant details regarding management of the project. Apart from this the report will also highlight on some of issues pertaining to the operation management of the project. The issues will relate to the designing phase, approval phase and the manufacturing phase. However the dissertation will also try to analyse the case and based on which some propositions and recommendations will be also presented. The recommendation and the propositions will be strictly based on governance and management of the project. The report will try to minimize and solve the business management challenges and risks associated with the project. In order to do so some of the operation management tools and techniques such as work breakdown structure, risk management will be consulted. Project Background The project of c hannel tunnel was undertaken in order to link United Kingdom and France through Railways. The project was supposed to be carried out beneath the English Channel between Folkestone of United Kingdom and Calais of France (Construct my future, n.d.). In the context of its development process the project was simply divided into the design phase, manufacturing phase and testing phase. Eurotunnel was chosen as the organization to carry out the entire operation of developing the project. Eurotunnel has contracted the project to Transmachine Link (TML) that has again sub contracted other manufacturers for manufacturing the shuttle wagons. The core reason which has been cited for its outsourcing was the tight timescale factor and companies having to bear heavy liquidity damages. Therefore it minimizes the chances of penalty and risk gets shared. Now to initiate the project there were requirements of a large number of approvals from the Intergovernmental commission (IGC) in the context of des ign, construction and operational phase. Intergovernmental commission was established or recognized under the article 10 of the agreement for managing all the operational activities of the channel tunnel on behalf of the French and UK government (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: European Union Committee, 2011, p.20). The major focus of the project was on safety, security,

Economic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis - Essay Example GDP is the increase in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy over time. According to the Economic Cycle Research Institute (ECRI), more than three years ago, the 2008 financial crisis already triggered studies on longstanding pattern of slowing growth, characterized by higher cyclical volatility and lower trend growth. In layman’s terms, in the short run, we may be having higher upswings of economic growth but at the cost of having equally strong downswings which are hard to anticipate. However, when you try to see patterns as far as from 1970, the long-run trend is down. A part of this trend is shown on the graph below: As one can notice, there was a steep upward change in GDP growth by the end of the 3rd quarter in 2009. The GDP growth figures for 2011 is 2.2% and 1.6% for eth 1st quarter and the 2nd quarter respectively. The graph above may be misleading insofar as it suggests an upward sloping imaginary trend line, but as far as the ECRI is concerned, two implications are possible: First, the fall of GDP will even be steeper than perhaps the -5% in the 2nd quarter of 2009. This means that it’s only a matter of time before GDP growth hits a -5%. If this is the case, since the economy has its own lags and assuming that this debt problem has no clear end, the US economy will be flirting within -5% range or even lower by next year.The second probable case is that though the dip in GDP will only be slight, it will be more frequent resulting in persistent recession perhaps every 2-3 years as the interval of the 2008 crisis with the current crisis. Given that GDP will be fallin short, another index that significantly goes together with this is employment, which can be expected to decrease as well. The index that is commonly used for this is the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate then is defined as the number of unemployed divided by the total labor force while the labor force can be defined as the number of people employed plu s the number unemployed and is seeking work. This on the other hand was expounded on by Okun’s law, which verifies that employment, a factor of production, affects output, albeit with a lag. Okun’s law states that a one point increase in the unemployment rate is equated with two percentage poonts of negative growth in real GDP. So if this the case, if GDP falls in the near future, the unemployment rate may be breaching the 10% line. The unemployment rate is pictures below with the graph showing an upward trend from the start of 2006 to the 2nd half of 2011. As one can see, the unemployment rate has been very high, close to 10%, since mid-year of 2009. Alas, this is a signal that the economy is not producing goods and services the best that it could or at full capacity, because of the many jobless citizens. This is the reason why the Fed, with Bernanke at the lead, is using monetary to expand the economy through the use of interest rates. Monetary policy operations incl ude controlling some overnight or short-term interest rates and these rates to lend money to commercial banks influencing mortgage rates and other types of loans. The logic of controlling interest rates is this: lower interest rates means lower costs for companies who wish to borrow money. The lower cost for borrowing is an incentive for more companies to borrow money and invest in capital expansion and businesses. More capital put up would mean not only

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay AbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can diminish the fuel consumption and green house gases production. Different types of electric hybrid powertrains are described Special attention is paid to electric power splitting. Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 production of one hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 10Ã'Ž 8 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 Total world production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto Protocol tries to estimate if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthÃ'Ž Expansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emission and fuel consumption. Hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard means giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard improving in many countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. A. Basic Drive Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE gear box GB battery traction motor TM BAT ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator ~ ~ generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. [1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called :†Slovenska Strela† and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on. But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† The ICE drives a DC generator which â€Å"stator† and rotor can rotate separately. The â€Å"stator† is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator â€Å"stator† and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefÃ'Ž Bozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. [5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15]. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 – 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of car’s performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in [15] [16]Ã'Ž Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333Ã'Ž 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second: Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13. 5% less CO2 . REFERENCES [1] V. Klima : Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 [2] J. Sousedik : Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. [3] J. Bilek: Electric drive of motor cars â€Å"Slovenska strela† (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu â€Å"Slovenska strela†). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. [4] J. Mierlo: Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. [5] Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus: Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 [6] T. Denton : Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. [7] Michael H. Wesbrook: The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London [9] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives. Proceedings of 8th International Conference â€Å"Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004†, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. [10] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. [11] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 [12] Zdenek,J. : „Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Designâ€Å". Proc. of XI. int. symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. [13] Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. : Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. [14] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous Generator with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 [15] Mildorf M. : Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. [16] Simkova L. : Mathematical model of hybrid car. Bachelor thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

One of the things I like about small presses is that they'll take chances on authors who write about things outside of the mainstream. III Publishing has been one of my favorite sources for libertarian/anarchist fiction and science fiction ever since I picked up and totally enjoyed The Last Days of Christ the Vampire. Now they bring us two fine contributions to anarchist SF literature. If you loved George Orwell's Animal Farm, you'll love this "sequel." Many who have read Orwell's classic missed the basic underlying anti-authoritarian message, instead reading it as an allegory about the Soviet Union. In Anarchist Farm we find an extension of the philosophies underlying Animal Farm, but this time with a more upbeat outcome. Contemporary concerns such as ecocide and animal rights are also woven into this readable book. In fact, it is written in a style appropriate for teenage readers. As in Animal Farm, the main characters here are animals and they talk. They also have cute names. Pancho is a pig who has escaped from the regime that has taken over the farm portrayed in Animal Farm. He is befriended by some wild animals, who are later revealed to be the "Forest Defenders." The Defenders turn out to be very similar to Earth First! Pancho eventually finds a farm whose owner has recently died. In response to the death of their benevolent owner, the animals turn the farm into a successful anarchist collective. As the months roll by, the animal start to worry about what might happen to them when the humans come to auction off the farm. The ending will surprise you. It should also be mentioned that the book also deals with monkeywrenching and its consequences. Anarchist Farm is funny, thought-provoking, and inspiring. It's an excellent sequel to Animal Farm. Let's hope that a few more readers "get it" this time. A.D. is a science fiction story set in the U.S.A. in the near future. Radical changes have altered the very political geography of the continent: the Klux Klan Klan and other white supremacists control what was the southern U.S., the Nation of Islam controls what was the Midwest, and the West Coast is all that remains of the old U.S. "liberal democracy." Fred Hampton Rush Sr. is a middle-aged black man living in Chicago, which is now the capital city of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam in North America.

Environmental Decision Making Applied to Decommissioning Essay

There are three major risks that I worry about on a daily basis in my life. These risks are listed below in order of severity: 1. Depression – Six years ago I was diagnosed with clinical depression. Depression is a progressive and pathological disease that affects the hippocampus and other areas of the brain. There is no single cause of depression. Depression may be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, or biochemical causes. In my case, I believe my depression is partly hereditary and related to the traumatic childhood event of my father’s premature death. Depression has also been linked with changes to levels of chemicals in the brain such as serotonin and norephinephrine. There are two widely used treatments for depression that have varying degrees of success. Psychotherapy is one treatment that may help some people who suffer from depression. For many people psychotherapy is an ineffective treatment. Anti-depressant drugs are another treatment that is often used in conjunction with psychotherapy. Although there is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy is an effective treatment for depression there is abundant scientific evidence that anti-depressants are an effective treatment for depression, but not necessarily a cure for depression. I currently take three different anti-depressants to control my depression. The risks associated with depression are great. The number one risk is suicide. A person suffering from depression is stricken with feelings of hopelessness and Environmental Decision Making Applied to Decommissioning Page 2 great emotional pain. Suicide is always in the back of a depressed person’s mind as a way to escape the world and depression. It has also been proven that men suffering depression have a 50% more likely chance of dying from cardiac disease than men who are not depressed. This is due to the overflow of stressor hormones that are released in a depressed person’s body. 2. Driving – Driving back and forth to work five days a week is an increasingly risky proposition as the highways become more and more congested with traffic. I have been in one serious accident over the last two years and have been in several near accidents. As more people use their cell phones while driving the risk for all drivers increases. Some states have outlawed the use of cell phones while driving and I believe all states should enact laws like this. Because my commute is fifty miles per day, my perceived sense of risk of having a fatal accident is high. 3. 401(k) Plan – With the economy in a deep recession and the stock markets at ten year lows, my 401(k) plan has suffered huge losses. If the economy and stock markets do not recover in the second half of 2009, then I will have to postpone my early retirement planned for the end of this November. This will definitely have an effect on my depression. Key Risk Without question the key risk for me is depression. As noted above this is a progressive disease and each year that goes by it is getting worse. In order to live a happy and Environmental Decision Making Applied to Decommissioning Page 3 fruitful life this is an unacceptable risk but there is not much I can do about it except continue to take my medications. There is no way to really quantify this risk in terms of numbers. Some factors that influence this risk are my job and my marriage. I have a very stressful job and my marriage is not a happy one. These two factors contribute greatly to my depression. If I can retire early this year, then I will feel much better without the daily grind of a stressful job. Perhaps then I can concentrate on improving my marriage and, thus, reducing my stress and depression further. Environmental Risk Environmental risks associated with driving will be reduced greatly if I can retire early this year. I estimate that without having to come to work each day my yearly mileage will be reduced to 4,000 miles per year from the current 11,000 miles. The risk of having a serious accident will be greatly reduced the less time I spend driving my car. Eliminating the working environment from my life will also reduce the stress in my life and could greatly improve my health by allowing me to spend more time exercising and doing other projects that I would like to do. This will, hopefully, have a profound positive affect on my depression.

What Is the Definition of Unemployment

Conceptually, unemployment is the state of an individual looking for a paying job but not having one. Â  As a result, unemployment does not include individuals such as full-time students, the retired, children, or those not actively looking for a paying job. Â  It also doesnt count individuals who work part-time but would like a full-time job. Â  Mathematically, the unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed people divided by the size of the labor force. Â  The Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes this basic unemployment rate (known as U-3) as well as a number of related measures (U-1 through U-6) in order to give a more nuanced view of the unemployment situation in the U.S. Terms related to Unemployment: Frictional UnemploymentCyclical UnemploymentStructrual UnemploymentUnemployment Rate About.Com Resources on Unemployment: Would 0% Unemployment Be a Good Thing?Globalization, Unemployment and Recessions. What is the Link?Why Do We Use the Unemployment Rate? Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Unemployment:Books on Unemployment:Search Theory and UnemploymentThe Economics of UnemploymentEnvironmental Fiscal Reform and UnemploymentJournal Articles on Unemployment:Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline deviceMigration, unemployment and development: a two-sector analysisUnemployment and labor market rigidities